The effect of flight phase on electrodermal activity and gaze behavior: A simulator study.

Current advances in airplane cockpit design and layout are often driven by a need to improve the pilot's awareness of the aircraft's state. This involves an improvement in the flow of information from aircraft to pilot. However, providing the aircraft with information on the pilot's state remains an open challenge. This work takes a first step towards determining the pilot's state based on biosensor data. We conducted a simulator study to record participants' electrodermal activity and gaze behavior, indicating pilot state changes during three distinct flight phases in an instrument failure scenario. The results show a significant difference in these psychophysiological measures between a phase of regular flight, the incident phase, and a phase with an additional troubleshooting task after the failure. The differences in the observed measures suggest great potential for a pilot-aware cockpit that can provide assistance based on the sensed pilot state.

The instructor assistant system (iASSYST) - utilizing eye tracking for commercial aviation training purposes.

This work investigates the potential of providing commercial aviation flight instructors with an eye tracking enhanced observation system to support the training process. During training, instructors must deal with many parallel tasks, such as operating the flight simulator, acting as air traffic controllers, observing the pilots and taking notes. This can cause instructors to miss relevant information that is crucial for debriefing the pilots. To support instructors, the instructor ASsistant SYSTem (iASSYST) was developed. It includes video, audio, simulator and eye tracking recordings. iASSYST was evaluated in a study involving 7 instructors. The results show that with iASSYST, instructors were able to support their observations of errors, find new errors, determine that some previously identified errors were not errors, and to reclassify the types of errors that they had originally identified. Instructors agreed that eye tracking can help identifying causes of pilot error. Practitioner summary: This paper introduces an instructor assistant system, which is evaluated in a user study involving 7 airline flight instructors. The system can be used by airline flight instructors to complement their observations, as a basis for discussions with pilots during debriefing, and by airline pilots to improve their flight performance.

An Inverse-Linear Logistic Model of The Main Sequence.

A model of the main sequence is proposed based on the logistic function. The model's fit to the peak velocity-amplitude relation resembles an S curve, simultaneously allowing control of the curve's asymptotes at very small and very large amplitudes, as well as its slope over the mid-amplitude range. The proposed inverse-linear logistic model is also able to express the linear relation of duration and amplitude. We demonstrate the utility and robustness of the model when fit to aggregate data at the smalland mid-amplitude ranges, namely when fitting microsaccades, saccades, and superposition of both. We are confident the model will suitably extend to the largeamplitude range of eye movements.

Wheat germination and highly diluted agitated gibberellic acid (10-30) ? a multi researcher study / Germinação do trigo e ácido giberélico em alta diluição (10-30) e agitado ? um estudo multicêntrico / Germinación de trigo y ácido giberélico en alta dilución (10-30) y agitado ? estudio multicéntrico

Grains of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L., Capo variety) were observed under the influence of highly diluted gibberellic acid (10-30) prepared by stepwise dilution and agitation according to a protocol derived from homeopathy (?G30x?). Adequate control was used (water prepared according to the homeopathic protocol ?W30x? and/or untreated water ?W0?). Two sets of multicenter experiments were performed, 4 in 2009-2010 and 4 in 2011, involving altogether 6 researchers, 6 laboratories and 4,000 grains per treatment group. Data were found to be homogeneous within the control groups as well as within the verum groups. When the 2009-2010 experiments were pooled, mean germination rates after 24 hours were (85.9 + 2.6) for the control group and (82.1 + 5.7) for G30x (mean + SD at the level of experiments in %) (N = 2,000 per group). Verum germination rate was 4.4% lower than (i.e. equal to 96.6% of) (4.4 + 96.6 = 101) the control germination rate (100%). The difference is statistically significant (p < 0.001) and the effect size (d) is large (> 0.8). Observations at other points in time between 0 and 40 hours of germination yielded similar results. Practically no difference was found between W30x and W0 groups (p > 0.05). When the 2011 experiments were pooled, the mean germination rates after 24 hours were (73 + 12) for the control group and (73 + 14) for G30x (N = 2,000 per group), i.e. there was practically no difference between the groups (p > 0.05). We interpret the data from 2009-2010 on wheat germination within 40 hours as being in line with our previous findings on wheat stalk growth after one week, i.e. as confirmation that gibberellic acid 30x can influence, i.e. slow down, wheat development. Various possible reasons for the absence of any difference between groups in the 2011 experiments, including seasonal variance, are discussed and it is suggested to perform wheat germination experiments in the very beginning of autumn season only.(AU)

Grãos de trigo comum (Triticum sativum L., variedade Capo) foram observados sob a influência de uma alta diluição de ácido giberélico (10-30) preparada através de diluição e agitação seriadas seguindo um protocolo derivado da homeopatia (G30x). Foram utilizados controles adequados (água preparada segundo o protocolo homeopático - W30x - e/ou água sem tratamento - W0 -). Foram realizadas duas séries de experimentos multicêntricos, 4 em 2009-2010 e 4 em 2011, incluindo 6 pesquisadores, 6 laboratórios, e 4.000 grãos em cada grupo de tratamento. Os dados foram homogêneos dentro dos grupos controle e verum. Na análise combinada dos experimentos de 2009-2010, as taxas médias de germinação em 24 h foram (85,9 + 2,6) no grupo controle e (82,1 + 5,7) no grupo G30x (média + DP no nível dos experimentos em %, N = 2.000 por grupo). A taxa de germinação de verum foi 4,4% menor (96,6% de 4,4 + 96,6 = 101) que a do controle (100%). Essa diferença é estatisticamente significativa (p < 0,001) e o tamanho do efeito (d) é grande (> 0,8). Observações realizadas em outros momentos entre 0 e 40 horas de germinação constaram resultados similares. Praticamente, não foi achada diferença entre os grupos W30x e W0 (p > 0,05). Na análise combinada dos experimentos de 2011, as taxas médias de germinação em 24 h foram (73 + 12) no grupo controle e (73 + 14) no grupo G30x (N = 2.000 por grupo), ou seja, praticamente não houve diferença entre os grupos (p > 0,05). Consideramos que os dados de 2009-2010 sobre a germinação do trigo em até 40 h concordam com nos achados prévios no crescimento do caule de trigo em uma semana, ou seja, confirmam que ácido giberélico 30x pode influenciar, isto é, tornar mais lento, o desenvolvimento do trigo. São discutidos vários motivos para a ausência de toda diferença entre os grupos nos experimentos conduzidos em 2011, incluindo variações sazonais, e sugere-se que os experimentos com germinação de trigo sejam realizados exclusivamente no começo do outono.(AU)

Wheat germination and highly diluted agitated gibberellic acid (10-30) ? a multi researcher study / Germinação do trigo e ácido giberélico em alta diluição (10-30) e agitado ? um estudo multicêntrico / Germinación de trigo y ácido giberélico en alta dilución (10-30) y agitado ? estudio multicéntrico

Grains of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L., Capo variety) were observed under the influence of highly diluted gibberellic acid (10-30) prepared by stepwise dilution and agitation according to a protocol derived from homeopathy (?G30x?). Adequate control was used (water prepared according to the homeopathic protocol ?W30x? and/or untreated water ?W0?). Two sets of multicenter experiments were performed, 4 in 2009-2010 and 4 in 2011, involving altogether 6 researchers, 6 laboratories and 4,000 grains per treatment group. Data were found to be homogeneous within the control groups as well as within the verum groups. When the 2009-2010 experiments were pooled, mean germination rates after 24 hours were (85.9 + 2.6) for the control group and (82.1 + 5.7) for G30x (mean + SD at the level of experiments in %) (N = 2,000 per group). Verum germination rate was 4.4% lower than (i.e. equal to 96.6% of) (4.4 + 96.6 = 101) the control germination rate (100%). The difference is statistically significant (p < 0.001) and the effect size (d) is large (> 0.8). Observations at other points in time between 0 and 40 hours of germination yielded similar results. Practically no difference was found between W30x and W0 groups (p > 0.05). When the 2011 experiments were pooled, the mean germination rates after 24 hours were (73 + 12) for the control group and (73 + 14) for G30x (N = 2,000 per group), i.e. there was practically no difference between the groups (p > 0.05). We interpret the data from 2009-2010 on wheat germination within 40 hours as being in line with our previous findings on wheat stalk growth after one week, i.e. as confirmation that gibberellic acid 30x can influence, i.e. slow down, wheat development. Various possible reasons for the absence of any difference between groups in the 2011 experiments, including seasonal variance, are discussed and it is suggested to perform wheat germination experiments in the very beginning of autumn season only.

Grãos de trigo comum (Triticum sativum L., variedade Capo) foram observados sob a influência de uma alta diluição de ácido giberélico (10-30) preparada através de diluição e agitação seriadas seguindo um protocolo derivado da homeopatia (G30x). Foram utilizados controles adequados (água preparada segundo o protocolo homeopático - W30x - e/ou água sem tratamento - W0 -). Foram realizadas duas séries de experimentos multicêntricos, 4 em 2009-2010 e 4 em 2011, incluindo 6 pesquisadores, 6 laboratórios, e 4.000 grãos em cada grupo de tratamento. Os dados foram homogêneos dentro dos grupos controle e verum. Na análise combinada dos experimentos de 2009-2010, as taxas médias de germinação em 24 h foram (85,9 + 2,6) no grupo controle e (82,1 + 5,7) no grupo G30x (média + DP no nível dos experimentos em %, N = 2.000 por grupo). A taxa de germinação de verum foi 4,4% menor (96,6% de 4,4 + 96,6 = 101) que a do controle (100%). Essa diferença é estatisticamente significativa (p < 0,001) e o tamanho do efeito (d) é grande (> 0,8). Observações realizadas em outros momentos entre 0 e 40 horas de germinação constaram resultados similares. Praticamente, não foi achada diferença entre os grupos W30x e W0 (p > 0,05). Na análise combinada dos experimentos de 2011, as taxas médias de germinação em 24 h foram (73 + 12) no grupo controle e (73 + 14) no grupo G30x (N = 2.000 por grupo), ou seja, praticamente não houve diferença entre os grupos (p > 0,05). Consideramos que os dados de 2009-2010 sobre a germinação do trigo em até 40 h concordam com nos achados prévios no crescimento do caule de trigo em uma semana, ou seja, confirmam que ácido giberélico 30x pode influenciar, isto é, tornar mais lento, o desenvolvimento do trigo. São discutidos vários motivos para a ausência de toda diferença entre os grupos nos experimentos conduzidos em 2011, incluindo variações sazonais, e sugere-se que os experimentos com germinação de trigo sejam realizados exclusivamente no começo do outono.

Lowland amphibians - recalculation of data on effects of diluted thyroxine / Anfíbios de terras baixas - recálculo dos dados sobre os efeitos de tiroxina diluída / Anfibios de tierras bajas - re-cálculo de datos sobre los efectos de tiroxina diluida

Our previous paper described methodological problems and a generally acceptable pooling method for metamorphosis experiments and application of that method to the results of multicentre experiments performed over the course of two decades (1990 - 2010) on highland amphibians (Rana temporaria) treated with a homeopathically prepared high dilution of thyroxine (?30x?). Differences between treatment groups thus calculated were in line with those obtained with other pooling methods: Thyroxine 30x does slow down metamorphosis in highland amphibians. This follow up paper provides a broader background on metamorphosis physiology and describes application of the pooling method to experiments with Rana temporaria from lowland biotopes both with a moderate dilution of thyroxine (?8x?) and with 30x. Analogously prepared water was used for control (water 8x or 30x). Development was, again as above, monitored by documenting the number of animals that had entered the 4-legged stage. Experiments were carried out between 1990 and 2000 by different researchers independently and in blind. As it is well known, metamorphosis can be speeded up by thyroxine 10-8 mol/l; interestingly, thyroxine 8x may produce a reverse, i.e. inhibiting effect (p < 0.01). In contrast to the inhibiting effect of thyroxine 30x on highland larvae (see above), 2-legged lowland larvae did not react to thyroxine 30x (p > 0.05). However, an inhibiting effect on lowland larvae was found when animals were treated from the spawn stage on (p < 0.01).(AU)

Nosso artículo anterior descreve problemas metodológicos e um método geralmente aceitável de agrupamento em experimentos sobre metamorfose e a aplicação deste método aos resultados de experimentos multicêntricos realizados no curso de duas décadas (1990 ? 2010) em anfíbios de terras altas (Rana temporaria) tratados com uma alta diluição de tiroxina preparada homeopaticamente (?30x?). As diferenças calculadas entre os grupos de tratamento concordam com as obtidas através de outros métodos de agrupamento: Tiroxina 30x de fato faz mais lenta a metamorfose nos anfíbios de terras altas. Este artigo posterior oferece um panorama mais amplo sobre a fisiologia da metamorfose e descreve a aplicação do método de agrupamento a experimentos com Rana temporaria de biótopos de terras baixas com diluição moderada (?8x?) e 30x de tiroxina. Foi utilizado como controle água preparada analogamente (água 8x e 30x). Novamente, o desenvolvimento foi monitorado documentando o número de animais que entraram no estágio de 4 patas. Os experimentos foram realizados entre 1990 e 2000 por diversos pesquisadores independentemente e em cego. Como é sabido, a metamorfose pode ser acelerada por tiroxina 10-8 mol/l; de maneira interessante, tiroxina 8x pode produzir o efeito inverso, ou seja, inibidor (p < 0.01). Contrariamente ao efeito inibidor de tiroxina 30x nas larvas de terras altas (vide acima), as larvas de 2 patas de terras baixas não responderam a tiroxina 30x (p > 0.05). No entanto, foi achado um efeito inibidor sobre as larvas de terras baixas quando os animais foram tratados a partir da desova (p < 0.01).(AU)

Nuestro artículo anterior describe problemas metodológicos y un método aceptable en general de agrupamiento en experimentos sobre metamorfosis y la aplicación de este método a los resultados de experimentos multicéntricos realizados durante dos décadas (1990 ? 2010) en anfibios de tierras altas (Rana temporaria) tratados con una alta dilución de tiroxina preparada homeopáticamente (?30x?). Las diferencias calculadas entre los grupos de tratamiento están de acuerdo con las obtenidas mediante otros métodos de agrupamiento: Tiroxina 30x fehacientemente enlentece la metamorfosis en anfibios de tierras altas. Este artículo posterior ofrece un panorama más amplio de la fisiología de la metamorfosis y describe la aplicación del método de agrupamiento en experimentos con Rana temporaria de biótopos de tierras bajas con dilución moderada (?8x?) y 30x de tiroxina. Se utilizó como control agua preparada análogamente (agua 8x y 30x). Nuevamente, el desarrollo fue monitoreado documentando el número de animales que entraron en el estadio de 4 patas. Os experimentos fueron realizados entre 1990 e 2000 por diversos investigadores independientemente y en ciego. Como se sabe, la metamorfosis puede ser acelerada por tiroxina 10-8 mol/l; de modo interesante, tiroxina 8x puede producir el efecto inverso, o sea, inhibidor (p < 0.01). Contrariamente al efecto inhibidor de tiroxina 30x en larvas de tierras altas (ver antes), las larvas de 2 patas de tierras bajas no respondieron a tiroxina 30x (p > 0.05). Sin embargo, se encontró efecto inhibidor en larvas de tierras bajas cuando los animales fueron tratados desde la freza (p < 0.01).(AU)

Lowland amphibians - recalculation of data on effects of diluted thyroxine / Anfíbios de terras baixas - recálculo dos dados sobre os efeitos de tiroxina diluída / Anfibios de tierras bajas - re-cálculo de datos sobre los efectos de tiroxina diluida

Our previous paper described methodological problems and a generally acceptable pooling method for metamorphosis experiments and application of that method to the results of multicentre experiments performed over the course of two decades (1990 - 2010) on highland amphibians (Rana temporaria) treated with a homeopathically prepared high dilution of thyroxine (?30x?). Differences between treatment groups thus calculated were in line with those obtained with other pooling methods: Thyroxine 30x does slow down metamorphosis in highland amphibians. This follow up paper provides a broader background on metamorphosis physiology and describes application of the pooling method to experiments with Rana temporaria from lowland biotopes both with a moderate dilution of thyroxine (?8x?) and with 30x. Analogously prepared water was used for control (water 8x or 30x). Development was, again as above, monitored by documenting the number of animals that had entered the 4-legged stage. Experiments were carried out between 1990 and 2000 by different researchers independently and in blind. As it is well known, metamorphosis can be speeded up by thyroxine 10-8 mol/l; interestingly, thyroxine 8x may produce a reverse, i.e. inhibiting effect (p < 0.01). In contrast to the inhibiting effect of thyroxine 30x on highland larvae (see above), 2-legged lowland larvae did not react to thyroxine 30x (p > 0.05). However, an inhibiting effect on lowland larvae was found when animals were treated from the spawn stage on (p < 0.01).

Nosso artículo anterior descreve problemas metodológicos e um método geralmente aceitável de agrupamento em experimentos sobre metamorfose e a aplicação deste método aos resultados de experimentos multicêntricos realizados no curso de duas décadas (1990 ? 2010) em anfíbios de terras altas (Rana temporaria) tratados com uma alta diluição de tiroxina preparada homeopaticamente (?30x?). As diferenças calculadas entre os grupos de tratamento concordam com as obtidas através de outros métodos de agrupamento: Tiroxina 30x de fato faz mais lenta a metamorfose nos anfíbios de terras altas. Este artigo posterior oferece um panorama mais amplo sobre a fisiologia da metamorfose e descreve a aplicação do método de agrupamento a experimentos com Rana temporaria de biótopos de terras baixas com diluição moderada (?8x?) e 30x de tiroxina. Foi utilizado como controle água preparada analogamente (água 8x e 30x). Novamente, o desenvolvimento foi monitorado documentando o número de animais que entraram no estágio de 4 patas. Os experimentos foram realizados entre 1990 e 2000 por diversos pesquisadores independentemente e em cego. Como é sabido, a metamorfose pode ser acelerada por tiroxina 10-8 mol/l; de maneira interessante, tiroxina 8x pode produzir o efeito inverso, ou seja, inibidor (p < 0.01). Contrariamente ao efeito inibidor de tiroxina 30x nas larvas de terras altas (vide acima), as larvas de 2 patas de terras baixas não responderam a tiroxina 30x (p > 0.05). No entanto, foi achado um efeito inibidor sobre as larvas de terras baixas quando os animais foram tratados a partir da desova (p < 0.01).

Nuestro artículo anterior describe problemas metodológicos y un método aceptable en general de agrupamiento en experimentos sobre metamorfosis y la aplicación de este método a los resultados de experimentos multicéntricos realizados durante dos décadas (1990 ? 2010) en anfibios de tierras altas (Rana temporaria) tratados con una alta dilución de tiroxina preparada homeopáticamente (?30x?). Las diferencias calculadas entre los grupos de tratamiento están de acuerdo con las obtenidas mediante otros métodos de agrupamiento: Tiroxina 30x fehacientemente enlentece la metamorfosis en anfibios de tierras altas. Este artículo posterior ofrece un panorama más amplio de la fisiología de la metamorfosis y describe la aplicación del método de agrupamiento en experimentos con Rana temporaria de biótopos de tierras bajas con dilución moderada (?8x?) y 30x de tiroxina. Se utilizó como control agua preparada análogamente (agua 8x y 30x). Nuevamente, el desarrollo fue monitoreado documentando el número de animales que entraron en el estadio de 4 patas. Os experimentos fueron realizados entre 1990 e 2000 por diversos investigadores independientemente y en ciego. Como se sabe, la metamorfosis puede ser acelerada por tiroxina 10-8 mol/l; de modo interesante, tiroxina 8x puede producir el efecto inverso, o sea, inhibidor (p < 0.01). Contrariamente al efecto inhibidor de tiroxina 30x en larvas de tierras altas (ver antes), las larvas de 2 patas de tierras bajas no respondieron a tiroxina 30x (p > 0.05). Sin embargo, se encontró efecto inhibidor en larvas de tierras bajas cuando los animales fueron tratados desde la freza (p < 0.01).

A prospective evaluation of the POVOC score for the prediction of postoperative vomiting in children.

BACKGROUND: A score to predict postoperative vomiting (PV) in children (POVOC score) has recently been published but has not yet undergone an external validation. METHODS: We studied 673 patients (age 0-16 yr) undergoing a variety of surgical procedures (but excluding strabismus surgery, one of the risk factors according to the POVOC score) using standardized anesthesia techniques without administering antiemetics. The patients were prospectively screened for PV in the postoperative period and these incidences were compared with the predicted risk for PV according to the POVOC score. The POVOC score was evaluated with respect to its ease of use, discrimination, and calibration. RESULTS: Complete data to predict the risk for PV could be obtained in 95% of patients. The actual observed incidences of PV were 3.4, 11.6, 28.2, and 42.3% for the presence of 0, 1, 2, or 3 risk factors, resulting in a regression line with a slope of 0.78 and an offset of 2.37. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.72 (95% CI: 0.68-0.76). CONCLUSIONS: Using the POVOC score, PV in pediatric patients can be predicted with sufficient accuracy comparable to the results in adult patients, even if one of the risk factors is not applicable.